Variables controlling ultrasound contrast generation in the urinary bladder: a urinary reflux diagnosis

E. Y. Hwang, J. Fowlkes, D. Sirkin, P. Carson
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Abstract

An ultrasound system has been developed to generate contrast microbubbles in vivo. Possible uses include diagnosis of reflux in the urinary tract. In vivo and in vitro experiments were designed to elucidate the microbubble generation process using 1.8 MHz acoustic bursts at 125 ms. In in vivo experiments on rabbits, the peak rarefactional pressure threshold for contrast generation, as visualized with a diagnostic ultrasound system, decreased with increasing pCO/sub 2/. For the in vitro aqueous studies the threshold decreased almost a factor of two for increasing particle concentration (0.2 /spl mu/m dia. polystyrene) from 10/sup 8/ to 10/sup 10/ particles/cc. The thresholds were at least twice as high for more saturated fluids, and CO/sub 2/ samples had considerably lower thresholds than respective under-saturations in air. At a fixed pressure amplitude, echogenicity tended to increase with both increasing particle and gas content; this was more pronounced for samples containing CO/sub 2/. Even in a restricted-nuclei environment such as the human urinary bladder, generation of vaporous cavitation should be possible; however subsequently, abundant gas is needed to grow vaporous bubbles to persistent and imageable sizes, to assist in the diagnosis of urinary reflux.
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控制膀胱超声造影剂产生的变量:尿反流诊断
研制了一种超声系统,可在体内产生造影剂微泡。可能的用途包括诊断尿路反流。在体内和体外实验中,利用1.8 MHz的125 ms声脉冲来阐明微泡的产生过程。在兔体内实验中,超声诊断系统显示造影剂生成的峰值压力阈值随着pCO/sub 2/的增加而降低。在体外水溶液研究中,随着颗粒浓度的增加,阈值降低了近两倍(0.2 /spl μ m /m)。聚苯乙烯)从10/sup 8/到10/sup 10/颗粒/cc。饱和流体的阈值至少是饱和流体的两倍,CO/sub - 2/样品的阈值比空气中相应的欠饱和流体低得多。在一定压力幅值下,回声性随颗粒含量和气体含量的增加而增加;这在含有CO/sub /的样品中更为明显。即使在像人类膀胱这样的限制核环境中,也有可能产生蒸气空化;然而,随后,需要大量的气体使蒸汽泡生长到持久和可想象的大小,以帮助诊断尿反流。
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