The Fall and Rise of Oilfield Ethics

A. Dahroug, K. O'Connell
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Abstract

The oilfield is in many ways the backbone of the world economy. Historically economic recessions and booms were linked directly or indirectly to the oil price, itself governed by supply and demand. Since the start of this industry, it has experienced multiple scandals and major accidents that have affected its path to date. In 2001 the Enron scandal of poor accounting practices shook the entire stock market, and it contributed to the complete recession in the same year. Not too long after, a supermajor revealed in 2004 a reserves accounting error that surprised the world. In 2010 the Deepwater Horizon blow out known as the "Macondo Incident" caused serious damage to the environment and significant fines to be paid in compensation due to poor engineering practice. Incidents like these arise concurrent with times of high demand and are instructive as we study their causes and effects on the oil industry and therefore the global economy. Areas of study for this paper include reserves/production estimation as well as ethical considerations for the oil industry at large. Our study is based on the review of uncertainty in both the subsurface and surface parts of oil and gas production. We refer to the previous classifications of uncertainty for the subsurface part and focus on the uncertainty currently existing within the surface production system. Current surface production monitoring methods are discussed. We propose a more automated process to reduce the current uncertainty about hydrocarbon production. Artificial intelligence applicability in the surface production system is investigated. Additionally, in this paper we review the previously mentioned poor practices and accidents briefly and use them to guide our suggestions about preventive actions to avoid future wrongdoing and incidents. We attempt to provide an objective for oilfield ethics and advocate for a unified oilfield industry code of ethics. However due to the large diversity that exists in the wide range of oilfield disciplines, a single code of ethics may not be applicable. Accordingly, we propose a guideline that may be used by different parts of the oilfield industry to develop an application-specific code of ethics. It is hoped that this guideline will guard against the gaps that may foster errors that affect the oilfield industry and global markets.
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油田伦理的兴衰
油田在很多方面都是世界经济的支柱。从历史上看,经济衰退和繁荣与油价直接或间接相关,而油价本身受供求关系支配。自该行业成立以来,它经历了多次丑闻和重大事故,影响了它迄今为止的发展道路。2001年,低劣的会计行为引发的安然丑闻震撼了整个股市,并导致了同年的全面衰退。不久之后,一家石油巨头在2004年披露了一个令世界震惊的储量会计错误。2010年,被称为“马孔多事件”的“深水地平线”钻井平台的爆炸对环境造成了严重破坏,由于糟糕的工程实践,需要支付巨额罚款作为赔偿。此类事件与高需求时期同时发生,对于我们研究它们对石油工业乃至全球经济的原因和影响具有指导意义。本文的研究领域包括储量/产量估计以及整个石油工业的道德考虑。我们的研究是基于对石油和天然气生产的地下和地面部分的不确定性的回顾。我们参考了以前对地下部分的不确定性分类,重点关注目前存在于地面生产系统中的不确定性。讨论了目前地面生产监测方法。我们提出了一个更自动化的过程,以减少目前碳氢化合物生产的不确定性。研究了人工智能在地面生产系统中的适用性。此外,在本文中,我们简要回顾了前面提到的不良做法和事故,并用它们来指导我们的预防措施建议,以避免未来的不法行为和事故。我们试图为油田伦理提供一个目标,并倡导统一的油田行业道德规范。然而,由于广泛的油田学科存在着巨大的多样性,单一的道德准则可能不适用。因此,我们提出了一项指导方针,可用于油田行业的不同部分,以制定特定应用的道德准则。希望该指南能够防止可能产生影响油田工业和全球市场的错误的差距。
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