{"title":"Hardness of classically simulating quantum circuits with unbounded Toffoli and fan-out gates","authors":"Y. Takahashi, Takeshi Yamazaki, Kazuyuki Tanaka","doi":"10.26421/QIC14.13-14-7","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"We study the classical simulatability of constant-depth polynomial-size quantum circuits followed by only one single-qubit measurement, where the circuits consist of universal gates on at most two qubits and additional gates on an unbounded number of qubits. First, we consider unbounded Toffoli gates as additional gates and deal with the weak simulation, i.e., sampling the output probability distribution. We show that there exists a constant-depth quantum circuit with only one unbounded Toffoli gate that is not weakly simulatable, unless BQP ⊆ PostBPP ∩ AM. Then, we consider unbounded fan-out gates as additional gates and deal with the strong simulation, i.e., computing the output probability. We show that there exists a constant-depth quantum circuit with only two unbounded fan-out gates that is not strongly simulatable, unless P = PP. These results are in contrast to the fact that any constant-depth quantum circuit without additional gates on an unbounded number of qubits is strongly and weakly simulatable.","PeriodicalId":54524,"journal":{"name":"Quantum Information & Computation","volume":"28 1","pages":"801-812"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7000,"publicationDate":"2013-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"9","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Quantum Information & Computation","FirstCategoryId":"101","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.26421/QIC14.13-14-7","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"COMPUTER SCIENCE, THEORY & METHODS","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
Abstract
We study the classical simulatability of constant-depth polynomial-size quantum circuits followed by only one single-qubit measurement, where the circuits consist of universal gates on at most two qubits and additional gates on an unbounded number of qubits. First, we consider unbounded Toffoli gates as additional gates and deal with the weak simulation, i.e., sampling the output probability distribution. We show that there exists a constant-depth quantum circuit with only one unbounded Toffoli gate that is not weakly simulatable, unless BQP ⊆ PostBPP ∩ AM. Then, we consider unbounded fan-out gates as additional gates and deal with the strong simulation, i.e., computing the output probability. We show that there exists a constant-depth quantum circuit with only two unbounded fan-out gates that is not strongly simulatable, unless P = PP. These results are in contrast to the fact that any constant-depth quantum circuit without additional gates on an unbounded number of qubits is strongly and weakly simulatable.
期刊介绍:
Quantum Information & Computation provides a forum for distribution of information in all areas of quantum information processing. Original articles, survey articles, reviews, tutorials, perspectives, and correspondences are all welcome. Computer science, physics and mathematics are covered. Both theory and experiments are included. Illustrative subjects include quantum algorithms, quantum information theory, quantum complexity theory, quantum cryptology, quantum communication and measurements, proposals and experiments on the implementation of quantum computation, communications, and entanglement in all areas of science including ion traps, cavity QED, photons, nuclear magnetic resonance, and solid-state proposals.