Beyond the Goods/Resources Dichotomy: Animal Labor and Trade Law

C. Blattner
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引用次数: 1

Abstract

Abstract Since its inception, the World Trade Organization (WTO) has, in a rather self-evident manner, treated animals as objects of trade: Animals must be either goods or natural resources subject to the terms and conditions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). However, broader public and legal efforts to recategorize animals from goods to “sentient beings,” which are emerging across the world, are casting serious doubt on these assumptions. Using animals’ subjectivity as a starting point, a new and bourgeoning strand of anthropological, ethical, and political studies argues that animals should properly be recognized as working subjects. Be it guide dogs, truffle hogs, logging elephants, or dairy cows—working animals, they argue, are owed wholly new legal and ethical duties. This article builds on these arguments to examine the consequences of “animal labor” for trade law: Are animals wrongly classified as commodities or resources? Is there a need and room to recognize animals as service providers under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)? What are the legal consequences of this proposed change? This article sets out to answer these questions and argues that recognizing animals as workers in trade law is conceptually coherent and can play a crucial role in empowering states to protect animals effectively at the international level.
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超越商品/资源二分法:动物劳动和贸易法
世界贸易组织(WTO)自成立以来,就以一种不言自明的方式将动物视为贸易对象:动物必须是关税与贸易总协定(GATT)条款和条件下的货物或自然资源。然而,在世界各地出现的将动物从商品重新分类为“众生”的更广泛的公众和法律努力,对这些假设产生了严重的怀疑。以动物的主体性为出发点,一个新兴的人类学、伦理学和政治学研究流派认为,动物应该被恰当地视为工作主体。他们认为,无论是导盲犬、松露猪、伐木大象还是奶牛工作动物,都负有全新的法律和道德责任。本文以这些论点为基础,考察“动物劳动”对贸易法的影响:动物是否被错误地归类为商品或资源?在《服务贸易总协定》(GATS)下,是否有需要和余地承认动物为服务提供者?这项拟议的改变会带来什么法律后果?本文将着手回答这些问题,并认为在贸易法中承认动物是工人在概念上是一致的,并且可以在授权各国在国际层面上有效保护动物方面发挥关键作用。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
0.90
自引率
0.00%
发文量
14
期刊介绍: Drawing upon the findings from island biogeography studies, Norman Myers estimates that we are losing between 50-200 species per day, a rate 120,000 times greater than the background rate during prehistoric times. Worse still, the rate is accelerating rapidly. By the year 2000, we may have lost over one million species, counting back from three centuries ago when this trend began. By the middle of the next century, as many as one half of all species may face extinction. Moreover, our rapid destruction of critical ecosystems, such as tropical coral reefs, wetlands, estuaries, and rainforests may seriously impair species" regeneration, a process that has taken several million years after mass extinctions in the past.
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