Galectin-3 as a prognostic biomarker for diabetic nephropathy

N. Mohamed, N. Marie, Wagida Abouraya, Salwa El Shennawy, S. Mahmoud
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Abstract

Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2 is a major health condition that has shown an increased incidence globally. The most common complication in type 2 DM is diabetic nephropathy (DN). Aim To determine serum galectin-3 as a prognostic biomarker in type 2 DN. Patients and methods A case–control prospective study was done in the Internal Medicine Department of AL-Zahraa University Hospital, Cairo, Egypt. The study was conducted on 90 patients, including 60 patients with type 2 DM and 30 age-matched and sex-matched healthy volunteers as a control group. The 90 patients were classified into four groups: group I included 20 diabetic patients (type 2) with an albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) of less than 30 mg/g (normoalbuminuria), group II included 20 DM (type 2) with an ACR of 30–300 mg/g (microalbuminuria), group III included 20 DM (type 2) with an ACR of more than 300 mg/g (macroalbuminuria), and control group included 30 age-matched and sex-matched healthy individuals. History, examination, fasting blood sugar, glycated hemoglobin, urea, creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate, ACR, lipid profile, and serum galectin-3 were done for all participants. The study was approved by the Al Azhar University Ethics Board. Results Galectin-3 was significantly higher in patients with macroalbuminuria than in those with microalbuminuria and normoalbuminuria. Galectin-3 level has a significant positive correlation with parameters of DN progression (age, DM duration, fasting blood sugar, glycated hemoglobin, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, urea, creatinine, and ACR) and a significant negative correlation with estimated glomerular filtration rate and high-density lipoprotein levels. Conclusion Galectin-3 was significantly higher in type 2 diabetic patients with macroalbuminuria than in those with microalbuminuria and normoalbuminuria.
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半乳糖凝集素-3作为糖尿病肾病的预后生物标志物
背景2型糖尿病(DM)是一种主要的健康状况,在全球范围内发病率呈上升趋势。2型糖尿病最常见的并发症是糖尿病肾病(DN)。目的探讨血清半乳糖凝集素-3在2型DN患者预后中的作用。患者和方法在埃及开罗AL-Zahraa大学医院内科进行了一项病例对照前瞻性研究。该研究对90名患者进行了研究,其中包括60名2型糖尿病患者和30名年龄和性别匹配的健康志愿者作为对照组。90例患者分为4组:1组20例糖尿病患者(2型),白蛋白/肌酐比值(ACR)小于30mg /g(正常白蛋白尿),2组20例糖尿病患者(2型),ACR为30 - 300mg /g(微量白蛋白尿),3组20例糖尿病患者(2型),ACR大于300mg /g(大量白蛋白尿),对照组30例年龄匹配和性别匹配的健康个体。对所有参与者进行病史、检查、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、尿素、肌酐、肾小球滤过率、ACR、血脂和血清半乳糖凝集素-3的评估。这项研究得到了爱资哈尔大学伦理委员会的批准。结果半乳糖凝集素-3在大量蛋白尿患者中的含量明显高于微量蛋白尿和正常蛋白尿患者。半乳糖凝集素-3水平与DN进展参数(年龄、DM病程、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白、甘油三酯、尿素、肌酐、ACR)呈显著正相关,与肾小球滤过率和高密度脂蛋白水平呈显著负相关。结论2型糖尿病伴大量白蛋白尿患者半乳糖凝集素-3水平明显高于伴少量白蛋白尿和正常白蛋白尿患者。
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