Analytical Study of the Archaeological Leather Document Preserved in Egyptian Museum and New Proposal for Museum Exhibition

Abstract

ABSTRACTThis study was done on a piece of archaeological leather document preserved in Egyptian museum storeroom under No.JE90809 SR 5/13677, excavated 1966. The leather document showed different aspects of deterioration types. Different analytical methods were used for identifying the components of the leather document to explain its mechanism of deterioration process. Analytical methods were used: visual assessment, documentation process by high resolution camera and scanner in multispectral imaging (MSI), diagnostic examinations using Multi Spectral Imaging (VIS-UV-IR), isolation and identification of different types of fungi, investigation of the surface morphology and animal type using digital light microscope (Dino light), stereo microscope (S.M.) and polarizing microscope (P.M.), identification of ink binder, amino acids degradation and tanning materials by Fourier transformation infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR) it is a qualitative analysis to give general information concerning collagen, identification of inks by X-ray diffraction (XRD), measuring the thickness by micro meter. In addition to suggest a new method for Museum show for the archaeological leather document as the preparation of a new method of exhibition is considered one of the most important goal of this study, because the current method of exhibition is considered one of the most important reason for the deterioration of the studied document. The results revealed that the microscopic examinations of samples clarify that the type of skin used was sheep in comparison with the standard samples. Also it explained the deformation of the appearance, contaminations from stains and dusts, and damages caused by physical factors. X-ray diffraction results showed that the ink used was made of carbon black ink. In addition the results showed that thickness measurement numbers were different which give indicate to somehow the manufacturing process was not so perfect. Also the results of FTIR proved the degradation of the collagen in the archaeological leather document, the binding agent was Arabic gum and the leather was tanned with vegetable tanning. Isolation and identification of micro-organisms clarified the most dominant fungi isolated from the archaeological leather document were: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus sulphureus, Aspergillus versicolor, Aspergillus sydowii, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium islandicum, Alternaria alternate, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus. Finally, the storage of the leather document was very poor which led to different aspects of deterioration. That prompted the author to suggest a new method for exhibition for the archaeological leather document.The results of investigations revealed that the microscopic examinations of samples clarify that the type of skin used was sheep in comparison with the standard samples. Also it explained the deformation of the appearance, contaminations from stains and dusts, and damages caused by physical factors. X-ray diffraction results showed that the black ink used was made of carbon ink. In addition the results showed that thickness measurement numbers were different which give indicate to somehow the manufacturing process was not so perfect. Also the results of FTIR proved the degradation of the collagen in the archaeological leather document, the binding agent was Arabic gum and the leather was tanned with vegetable tanning. Isolation and identification of micro-organisms clarified the most dominant fungi isolated from the historical leather document were: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus sulphureus, Aspergillus versicolor, Aspergillus sydowii, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium islandicum, Alternaria alternate, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus. Finally, the storage of the manuscript was very poor which led to different aspects of deterioration. That prompted the author to suggest a new method for Museum show for the archaeological leather document.