Development of a Fracturing Nanofluid with Dual Purpose: Increasing Heavy Oil Mobility and Reducing the Reservoir Damage Associated at the Remaining Fracture Fluid

M. A. Giraldo, R. Zabala, J. I. Bahamón, Camilo Mazo, J. Guzman, Camilo A. Franco, F. Cortés
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Abstract

This work aims to develop a fracturing nanofluid with a dual purpose: i) to increase heavy crude oil mobility and ii) to reduce formation damage caused by the remaining fluid. Three commercial nanoparticles were evaluated: two fumed silica of different sizes and one type of alumina. They were acidified and basified, obtaining nine nanoparticles (NPs) by the surface modification, characterized by TEM, DLS, Z Potential and Total Acidity. The effect of adding nanoparticles at different concentrations onto the linear gel and heavy crude oil was determined by their rheological behavior. Also, there was assessed the alteration of the rock wettability by contact angle for all NPs and concentrations. Based on these results, the nanoparticle with better performance was the neutral fumed silica of 7 nm at 1000 mg/L. These were used to make a fracturing nanofluid from a commercial fracturing fluid (FF). Both of them were evaluated through their rheological behavior overtime at high pressure following the API RP39 test and quantitative measurements of the rock sample wettability changes. Displacement tests also were performed on proppant and rock samples at reservoir conditions: pressure and temperature. Finally, there was evaluated the rheological behavior of the crude oil recovered in the displacement test. It was possible to conclude that the inclusion of nanoparticles allowed obtaining a reduction of 10 and 20% in the two breakers used in the commercial fracture fluid formulation. An alteration of the rock wettability was achieved, where the rock sample became up to 50% more wettable to water. Moreover, there was a diminution of 53% in the damage caused by the remaining fracturing fluid to the oil effective permeability in the proppant medium. In the rock sample, a decrease of 31% of this kind of damage was observed. Increases of 28 and 18 % in the crude oil recovery were noticed in the proppant and the rock sample, respectively. Finally, there was a reduction of 40% in the crude oil viscosity, showing the effectiveness of adding nanoparticles to fracturing fluids for increasing oil mobility and reducing the formation damage.
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一种具有双重目的的压裂纳米流体的开发:提高稠油的流动性,减少剩余压裂液对储层的损害
这项工作旨在开发一种具有双重目的的压裂纳米流体:1)提高重质原油的流动性,2)减少剩余流体对地层的损害。评估了三种商业纳米颗粒:两种不同尺寸的气相二氧化硅和一种氧化铝。对其进行酸化和碱化处理,通过表面改性得到了9个纳米粒子(NPs),并用TEM、DLS、Z势和总酸度对其进行了表征。研究了不同浓度的纳米颗粒对线性凝胶和重质原油的流变性能的影响。此外,还评估了所有NPs和浓度的接触角对岩石润湿性的影响。结果表明,在1000 mg/L条件下,7 nm的中性气相二氧化硅是性能较好的纳米颗粒。这些技术被用于将商业压裂液(FF)制成压裂纳米液。通过API RP39测试和岩石样品润湿性变化的定量测量,对两者在高压下的流变行为进行了评估。在储层压力和温度条件下,还对支撑剂和岩石样品进行了驱替测试。最后,对驱替试验中采出的原油流变特性进行了评价。由此可以得出结论,在商用压裂液配方中使用的两种破冰剂中,纳米颗粒的掺入可以分别减少10%和20%的排量。岩石的润湿性发生了变化,岩石样品的可湿性提高了50%。此外,剩余压裂液对支撑剂介质中石油有效渗透率的损害降低了53%。在岩石样品中,这种破坏减少了31%。在支撑剂和岩石样品中,原油采收率分别提高了28%和18%。最后,原油粘度降低了40%,这表明在压裂液中添加纳米颗粒对于提高原油流动性和减少地层损害是有效的。
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