An Overview: Application of Microorganisms in Bio-Mining of Metals (Review Article)

Shazia Sana, D. Neelam, Varsha Gupta, Devki Devki, R. Rahi
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Abstract

Biomining of copper from ores was started during ancient era without even knowing the role of microorganisms in the process. The ever-increasing demand of metals, declination of natural resources, huge reserves of low-grade metallic ores and generation of massive amount of metallic wastes from mining and beneficiation process has led to the evolution and commercial scale adoption of biomining. The ability of microorganisms to bioamine metals depends on redox reactions, organic or inorganic acid formation and the release of complexing agents. Redox reaction is the key step of biomining process which is based either on direct or indirect bioleaching. The main difference between the two mechanisms is the direct contact between the microorganisms and the reduced minerals. Apart from the economic benefits, biomining also reduces the problem of acid mine drainage (AMD). Biomining is successfully utilized in metal recovery from low grade ores, mine tailings, mine wastes, municipal solid waste dump sites, legacy wastes, incinerator ash, E-wastes and, shales and tars etc. In this way, biomining inhibits the release of heavy metals from various types of wastes to the environment and release of toxic gases from the municipal solid waste dump sites and legacy wastes.
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微生物在金属生物采矿中的应用综述(综述)
从矿石中提取铜的生物采矿始于远古时代,当时人们甚至不知道微生物在这一过程中的作用。金属需求的不断增长、自然资源的不断减少、低品位金属矿石储量巨大以及开采和选矿过程中产生的大量金属废物,促使生物采矿技术的发展和商业规模的采用。微生物对生物胺金属的能力取决于氧化还原反应,有机或无机酸的形成和络合剂的释放。氧化还原反应是基于直接或间接生物浸出的生物矿化过程的关键步骤。这两种机制的主要区别在于微生物与还原性矿物之间的直接接触。除了经济效益外,生物采矿还减少了酸性矿井水(AMD)的问题。生物采矿已成功地应用于从低品位矿石、矿山尾矿、矿山废物、城市固体废物倾倒场、遗留废物、焚化炉灰、电子废物、页岩和焦油等中回收金属。通过这种方式,生物矿化抑制了各类废物向环境释放重金属,以及城市固体废物倾倒场和遗留废物释放有毒气体。
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