Screening Friction Reducer Performance Using Zeta Potential

Abstract

Friction reducers (FRs) are essential additives for water used in hydraulic fracturing treatments for shale reservoirs. These polymers swell and unfurl in the frac water so that polymer chains align along the direction of flow to inhibit turbulence thereby reducing friction at high flow rates. Source water ion content, application pH, and compatibility with the formation are key drivers in deciding which FR chemistries are fit-for-purpose for the operation, balancing desired fluid performance with treatment economics. This investigation explores zeta potential measurement as a novel and meaningful analytical metric to correlate chemical and rheological properties of FRs in a range of source water qualities with their friction reducing performance. The approach of this investigation involves measuring zeta potential of frac fluids formulated using anionic or cationic FRs in waters with varying ionic activity over a range of FR concentrations and pH. The evaluation encompasses a variety of FRs spanning general purpose materials to more sophisticated additives designed to function in fluids with higher concentrations of salt. Dry FR materials as well as corresponding slurry or emulsion forms of the additives are tested. Monovalent and divalent salts and mixtures thereof are used in brine formulations. FR characterization is performed including rheological sweeps, viscoelasticity measurements, and flow loop tests. Results from this study support the conclusion that zeta potential measurement can be used during the FR screening process as a viable supplement to industry standard tests for assessing FR performance in brine.