Buried tunnel valleys in Denmark and their impact on the geological architecture of the subsurface

Abstract

Buried valleys are elongate erosional structures in the Danish subsurface now partly or completely filled and covered with younger sediments. The majority was formed by meltwater underneath ice sheets. The number of buried-valley structures in Denmark is large, and because the valley-infill in many areas hosts significant groundwater resources, knowledge of them and their formation is important. This was the starting point of the buried-valley mapping project, which was initiated in the late 1990s and continued until the end of 2015 (Sandersen & Jørgensen 2016). This project became part of the National Groundwater Mapping Programme which was set up with the purpose of mapping the groundwater resources within areas of specific groundwater interest (Thomsen et al. 2004). The areas of specific groundwater interest encompass existing catchment areas and cover around 40% of the country. Within these areas, high-density electromagnetic surveys have typically been performed together with exploration drilling and supplementary geophysical measurements. The mapping of the buried valleys has been based on these newly collected data as well as existing data in the national databases. In some instances, it has also been possible to map buried valleys in less data-dense areas outside the surveyed areas, mainly on the basis of borehole data. The groundwater resource and its vulnerability have been important in the mapping of the buried valleys. The valleys also constitute an important part of the subsurface geological architecture, and it is obvious that a thorough knowledge of them is critical for the general understandBuried tunnel valleys in Denmark and their impact on the geological architecture of the subsurface