“Command and Control”: 75 Years of Quasi Wildlife Policy Analysis of Ethiopia

H. Debella
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引用次数: 4

Abstract

Abstract Ethiopia’s wildlife history is at loggerheads with the theory of “environmental colonialism.” Ethiopia sets a center stage for the debate of what could have been the fate of African wildlife if Africa had not been colonized. In the 1960s, Ethiopia had a huge wildlife diversity. As of present, its wildlife is severely deteriorated, while that of the colonized countries are in much better condition. The disparity of conservation between the colonized countries and independent Ethiopia prompted this study. In the past 77 years, several wild species in Ethiopia have gone extinct, while some moved to threatened categories and their habitat vanished or deteriorated. Overall, Ethiopia currently hosts six critically endangered, 23 endangered, and 70 vulnerable species of wild animals. The numbers do not include plants, fungi, microorganisms, or invertebrates. This shows a clear pathology of the command and control policy of the wildlife conservation system of Ethiopia. The objectives of this article were to analyze previous legal documents published since 1944, up to the recent wildlife proclamation; to bring out strengths and weaknesses of these policies; and to propose possible alternative adaptive management strategies based on other similar studies. Policy instruments since 1944 were collected. This include the Imperial regime (1941–1974), the Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia (Derg) Regime (1974–1991), and the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1991–2018). Documents were collected from two sources: the Internet and government printing press. Policy analysis involved a documentary analysis method on how Ethiopian governments’ policies addressed wildlife conservation of Ethiopia since 1944. To achieve the overall research objective, questions were formulated and guided the research direction. The analysis showed that there are good aspects of colonial wildlife conservation policies to learn from. Independence was not a guarantee for wildlife conservation. Existing national parks of East Africa including Ethiopia are the result of UNESCO missions to Africa.
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“命令与控制”:埃塞俄比亚准野生动物政策分析75年
埃塞俄比亚的野生动物历史与“环境殖民主义”理论存在矛盾。埃塞俄比亚成为了一场辩论的中心舞台:如果非洲没有被殖民,非洲野生动物的命运将会怎样?20世纪60年代,埃塞俄比亚的野生动物种类繁多。到目前为止,它的野生动物状况严重恶化,而殖民地国家的情况要好得多。被殖民国家和独立的埃塞俄比亚之间的保护差异促使了这项研究。在过去的77年里,埃塞俄比亚的一些野生物种已经灭绝,而一些物种则变成了濒危物种,它们的栖息地也消失了或恶化了。总的来说,埃塞俄比亚目前有6种极度濒危、23种濒危和70种易危野生动物。这些数字不包括植物、真菌、微生物或无脊椎动物。这显示了埃塞俄比亚野生动物保护系统的指挥和控制政策的明显病态。本文的目的是分析自1944年以来发布的法律文件,直到最近的野生动物宣言;提出这些政策的优点和缺点;并在其他类似研究的基础上提出可能的适应性管理策略。收集了1944年以来的政策工具。这包括帝国政权(1941-1974)、埃塞俄比亚社会主义军政府(1974-1991)和埃塞俄比亚联邦民主共和国(1991-2018)。文件从两个来源收集:互联网和政府印刷厂。政策分析采用文献分析方法,分析了自1944年以来埃塞俄比亚政府的野生动物保护政策。为实现总体研究目标,制定问题并指导研究方向。分析表明,殖民地野生动物保护政策有好的方面值得借鉴。独立并不是野生动物保护的保证。包括埃塞俄比亚在内的东非现有的国家公园是教科文组织非洲代表团的成果。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
0.90
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14
期刊介绍: Drawing upon the findings from island biogeography studies, Norman Myers estimates that we are losing between 50-200 species per day, a rate 120,000 times greater than the background rate during prehistoric times. Worse still, the rate is accelerating rapidly. By the year 2000, we may have lost over one million species, counting back from three centuries ago when this trend began. By the middle of the next century, as many as one half of all species may face extinction. Moreover, our rapid destruction of critical ecosystems, such as tropical coral reefs, wetlands, estuaries, and rainforests may seriously impair species" regeneration, a process that has taken several million years after mass extinctions in the past.
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