The influence of the tropical rainforest on atmospheric CO and CO2 as measured by aircraft over Surinam, South America

J Williams , H Fischer , P Hoor , U Pöschl , P.J Crutzen , M.O Andreae , J Lelieveld
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引用次数: 24

Abstract

Gradients of CO and CO2, taken between 12:00 and 15:00 local time, from the boundary layer over the tropical rainforest in Surinam were determined as 29 pmol/mol km−1 and −8.9 nmol/mol km−1, respectively, with a distance of south from the coast. For one CO2 molecule fixed in tropical forests 0.33% CO was produced. From an extrapolation of the CO gradient to the global scale we deduce that approximately 19% of C emitted as isoprene from tropical forests is converted to C in CO. From an extrapolation of the CO2 gradient we estimate that approximately 1.2% of the global atmospheric CO2 is converted each year into tropical seasonal and rainforests.

CO production from isoprene was calculated using an explicit gas-phase photochemical model but was found to be insufficient to account for the gradients measured. Diurnal variation in CO was controlled by a complex interplay between advection, chemical formation from natural NMHCs, direct soil emissions, removal by HO, and possible night-time uptake by soil. Diurnal variations of CO2 in the boundary layer were controlled by vegetation.

Over the 12.5 km altitude range of the aircraft, a high degree of variability was observed in CO, CO2 and northerly wind components. Two biomass burning events were identified and the ratio of delta CO and delta CO2 was determined in each case with a two-sided linear regression. A ratio of 12.1% was found in plumes from smouldering cooking or clearing fires at low-altitude. A ratio of 5.9% was found for a plume encountered between 10–12 km. The lower ratio of delta CO and delta CO2 indicates hotter, more complete, flame burning than the cooking or clearing fires. Emissions from savanna fires in the Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela regions coupled with deep convection and long-range advection are proposed to explain the observations.

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南美洲苏里南上空飞机测量的热带雨林对大气CO和CO2的影响
在苏里南热带雨林上空的边界层上,当地时间12:00 - 15:00的CO和CO2梯度分别为29 pmol/mol km - 1和- 8.9 nmol/mol km - 1,距离海岸以南。固定在热带森林中的每一个CO2分子产生0.33%的CO。根据对全球尺度CO梯度的外推,我们推断出热带森林以异戊二烯形式排放的C中约有19%转化为CO中的C。根据对CO2梯度的外推,我们估计每年约有1.2%的全球大气CO2转化为热带季节性森林和雨林。使用明确的气相光化学模型计算异戊二烯的CO产量,但发现不足以解释测量的梯度。CO的日变化受平流、天然NMHCs的化学形成、土壤直接排放、HO的去除以及土壤夜间可能的吸收等因素的复杂相互作用控制。边界层CO2的日变化受植被控制。在飞机12.5公里高度范围内,观测到CO、CO2和北风分量的高度变化。确定了两个生物质燃烧事件,并通过双边线性回归确定了每种情况下δ CO和δ CO2的比例。在低海拔地区闷烧烹饪或清理火堆产生的烟雾中发现的比例为12.1%。在10-12公里之间遇到的羽流的比例为5.9%。较低的CO和CO2比值表明,与烹饪或清理火焰相比,火焰燃烧更热、更彻底。巴西、哥伦比亚和委内瑞拉地区热带稀树草原火灾的排放加上深对流和远距离平流被认为可以解释这些观测结果。
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