The Lebesgue universal covering problem

Abstract

In 1914 Lebesgue defined a 'universal covering' to be a convex subset of the plane that contains an isometric copy of any subset of diameter 1. His challenge of finding a universal covering with the least possible area has been addressed by various mathematicians: Pal, Sprague and Hansen have each created a smaller universal covering by removing regions from those known before.  However, Hansen's last reduction was microsopic: he claimed to remove an area of $6 \cdot 10^{-18}$, but we show that he actually removed an area of just $8 \cdot 10^{-21}$.  In the following, with the help of Greg Egan, we find a new, smaller universal covering with area less than $0.8441153$. This reduces the area of the previous best universal covering by $2.2 \cdot 10^{-5}$.