Blockchain for traceability on fruits and vegetables sector

Abstract

In 2016, it is estimated that intra-mural R&D expenditure supported by companies, public institutions, private non-profit institutions and universities amounted to 23.2 billion euros (+4.6% compared to 2015). The percentage incidence of intramural R&D expenditure on GDP (Gross Domestic Product), equal to 1.38% in 2016, is slightly up on the previous year (it was 1.34% in 2015). The business sector contributes 60.8%, universities 24.2% and public institutions 12.6% of the total expenditure. Compared to 2015, R&D spending grew by 9.3% for businesses, remained stable in public institutions, while it fell in universities (- 1.0%) and, to an even more marked extent, in private non-profit institutions (-18 .6%). Since 2015, the contribution to total R&D expenditure of nationally controlled enterprises and foreign lenders has increased by 2.1 and 1.5 percentage points respectively; that of public institutions, universities and non-profit organizations is decreasing (-3.5 percentage points in total). The most significant