Treatment of human waste in small-scale facilities: a prospective review

IF 0.8 Q4 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Waste and Resource Management Pub Date : 2023-03-20 DOI:10.1680/jwarm.22.00017

C. Rodriguez, A. Hursthouse, Z. El-Hassan

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Abstract

A sustainable approach to the small-scale treatment of portable toilet and septic tank waste is in need in order to minimize the associated public health and environmental risks. Treatment of human wastes is highly regulated by legislation in many countries given the high content of organic components and pathogens. In conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), sewage undergoes a series of treatment stages (primary, secondary and tertiary) before effluent discharge. Delivering this approach at a small scale, to meet demands of temporary events, public gatherings or remote locations provides benefits in reducing transport and bulk handling. For a small-scale treatment process to effectively work the process steps need to be simplified and minimized. We review the potential of a new treatment scheme where the first step is the solid-liquid fraction separation, followed by the anaerobic digestion of the solid fraction including energy recovery in a combined heat and power (CHP) unit. The liquid fraction undergoes a series of filtration and disinfection steps to comply with effluent regulations. Digestate from anaerobic digestion is burned on site to provide local domestic/office heating. This approach has a great potential for application in different locations where inputs may be sporadic, such as outdoor festivals, disaster response scenarios and construction sites.

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小型设施中人类排泄物的处理:前瞻性综述

需要对小型移动厕所和化粪池废物采取可持续的处理办法，以便尽量减少相关的公共健康和环境风险。由于人体排泄物的有机成分和病原体含量高，许多国家的立法对其处理进行了严格管制。在传统的污水处理厂，污水在排放之前要经过一系列的处理阶段(一级、二级和三级)。在小范围内提供这种方法，以满足临时活动，公共聚会或偏远地区的需求，从而减少运输和散装处理。为了使小型处理工艺有效地工作，需要简化和最小化工艺步骤。我们回顾了一种新的处理方案的潜力，其中第一步是固液分离，然后是固体部分的厌氧消化，包括热电联产(CHP)装置中的能量回收。液体部分经过一系列过滤和消毒步骤，以符合排放法规。厌氧消化产生的消化液在现场燃烧，为当地家庭/办公室供暖。这种方法在输入可能是零星的不同地点具有很大的应用潜力，例如户外节日、灾害响应场景和建筑工地。

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来源期刊

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Waste and Resource Management ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL-

CiteScore

1.70

自引率

14.30%

发文量

期刊介绍： Waste and Resource Management publishes original research and practice papers on all civil engineering and construction related aspects of the resource management cycle, from the minimization of waste, through the re-use and recycling, to the management and disposal of residual wastes. Associated legislation, standards, socio-economic considerations and links with sustainable consumption and production are included. The range of subjects covered encompasses, but is not restricted to, strategies for reducing construction waste through better design, improved recovery and re-use, more efficient resource management, the performance of materials recovered from wastes, and, the procurement, planning, design, construction, operation and logistics of waste and resource management facilities.