The Endocrine System: Thyroid and Parathyroid

DeckerMed Plastic Surgery Pub Date : 2019-12-06 DOI:10.2310/surg.2240

Samantha J. Baker, John R. Porterfield Jr

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Abstract

In the adult, the thyroid gland is located in the central compartment of the neck on the anterolateral aspect of the cervical trachea between the carotid sheaths. Patients with thyroid disorders require attentive care, and safe, successful surgery of the thyroid is dependent on an intimate knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the gland. This review discusses nerve branches and function; arterial and venous blood supply; lymphatic drainage; histology; physiology; and thyroid hormone synthesis, secretion, and regulation. Nerve injuries and postoperative complications are summarized, as are functions of thyroid hormones. A thorough understanding of these relationships is imperative for proper medical recommendations, surgical procedure selection, and meticulous surgical technique to avoid complications. To provide safe care of patients with thyroid disorders, treating physicians must embrace the intricate details of the anatomy and physiology of this unique gland to avoid potentially devastating complications. This review contains 5 figures, 3 tables, and 29 references. Key Words: brachial cleft, lymphatic zones, recurrent laryngeal nerve, superior laryngeal nerve, nerve injury, thyroglossal duct cysts, thyroid, thyroidectomy

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内分泌系统:甲状腺和甲状旁腺

在成人中，甲状腺位于颈动脉鞘之间颈气管前外侧的颈部中央腔室。甲状腺疾病患者需要细心的护理，安全、成功的甲状腺手术依赖于对甲状腺解剖和生理的深入了解。本文综述了神经分支及其功能;动、静脉血供;淋巴引流;组织学;生理学;以及甲状腺激素的合成、分泌和调节。总结了神经损伤和术后并发症，以及甲状腺激素的作用。彻底了解这些关系对于正确的医疗建议，手术方法的选择和细致的手术技术以避免并发症是必不可少的。为了给甲状腺疾病患者提供安全的治疗，治疗医生必须了解这一独特腺体的解剖学和生理学的复杂细节，以避免潜在的毁灭性并发症。本综述包含5个图，3个表，29篇参考文献。关键词:臂裂，淋巴区，喉返神经，喉上神经，神经损伤，甲状舌管囊肿，甲状腺，甲状腺切除术

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