Evaluation of Minerals Content in SolaniumDubium Collected From White Nilein Central Sudan

Abstract

Some plants of the family solanaceae such as Solanumdubium"Gubbain", which is a well-known wild plant, grow wildly in many regions in Sudan during the rainy season.Solanumdubiumis used in rural areas for milk coagulation. It is a bushy pubescent herb grown widely in northern, central and western Sudan along with other species such as S. innacum, S. esculentum, S. macrocarpon and S. melongena.Research on S. dubium was focused mainly on obtaining Solanum crude enzyme from the seeds in pure form and commercial production of the enzyme for cheese making. Solanaceous plants are known for their high alkaloidal content in all plant parts including the seeds, which are responsible for their antimicrobial activity in addition to other metabolites such as flavonoids and tannins. This study was conducted to determine the chemical composition of the seeds ofSolanumdubiumplant and its properties.Plant Solanumdubium have been used as milk coagulants in cheese making for centuries either as crude extracts or in purified form. These coagulants are an alternative to the calf rennet due to the limited availability and high price of rennet, religious factors, diet or ban on recombinant calf rennet in some countries. These enzymes are found in almost all kinds of plant tissues and can be obtained from their natural source or through in vitro culture to ensure a continuous supply of plant proteases. The excessive proteolytic nature of most plant coagulants haslimited their use in cheese manufacturing due to lower yields of cheese, bitter flavors and texture defects. The search for new potential milk-clotting enzymes from plants still continues in order to meet the increasing global demand for diversified and good quality cheese production. For the great important uses ofsolanum,the study aim’s to focus of the active chemicals component in solanum seeds. The seeds of Solanumdubium were blended and extracted using different types of buffers. The most reliable, quick, and efficient buffer was found to be 5% NaCl in acetate buffer (pH 5.0) which was used throughout the study. The extract was filtered and fractionated twice with ammonium sulphate. When compared with other plant enzymes, S. dubium enzyme was found to have higher clotting and proteolytic activities. The activity of the enzyme was steadily increased with enzyme and substrate concentration. The enzyme was found to be very stable against a wide range of pH values as well as a wide range of temperature (20–90 °C). The results of substrate specificity of the enzyme showed that the partially purified enzyme preferred both hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acid residues at P1 position. The catalytic efficiency of the purified enzyme was enhanced by an aliphatic amino acids (Leu) compared to aromatic residue (Phe) at P1 position at the same site.And the morphology of solanum seeds was studied with scanning electron microscopy of mucilage at different magnification using Philips, Lancashire, XL-30 SEM and the results show in figures 5, 6, 7). Also the fractionation of structure was observed with infera red spectroscopy in figure (8). In this study some metals was determined like Mn , Cr, Cd , Zn. , Fe, and basic element like Ca ,Mg , K , P in solanum seeds , the sample observed that maximum permitted levels is K higher concentration one and other metal flow respectively Ca, Cr, Fe, Cd , Zn, and P .Seed samples of solanumcollected fromKenana area in white Nile . Metal concentrations found in solanum seeds are shown in Table 2 and Table 3. The study showed significant positive correlation metal content in solanum contain including heavy metals.The results showed that all chemical components under study were not significantly affected by the type of coagulant insolanum uses in cheeseindustry.