Hydrologic Assessment of IMERG Products Across Spatial Scales over Iowa

Abstract

IMERG provides the state-of-the-art satellite-based precipitation estimates that combine observations from multiple satellite platforms. This study evaluates IMERG products by examining hydrologic simulations of streamflow at a range of spatial scales. The main objective of this study is to assess the predictive utility of the near real-time product (IMERG-Early). The assessment also includes the IMERG-Final product that is not available in real time. The authors used MRMS precipitation estimates and USGS streamflow observation data as references for the precipitation and streamflow evaluations during a five-year period (2016–2020). The precipitation evaluation results show that IMERG-Early yields significant overestimations, particularly during warm months, with higher variability in its conditional distributions, whereas the performance of IMERG-Final seems unbiased. The authors performed hydrologic simulations using the Iowa Flood Center’s Hillslope Link Model with three precipitation forcing products i.e., MRMS, IMERG-Early, and IMERG Final. The simulation results reveal that IMERG-Early leads to high hit and false alarm rates due to its overestimation in precipitation and has almost no skill, as measured by the overall performance metric KGE, in streamflow prediction regarding basin scales ranging from 10 to 30,000 km2. This indicates that the product requires a bias correction before it is useful for real-time flood prediction. The streamflow prediction performance of IMERG-Final seems comparable to that of MRMS at spatial scales greater than 100 km2. This scale limitation is attributable to IMERG’s product spatial resolution that is inadequate to capture the small-scale variability of precipitation.