Theory predicts plants grow roots to compete with only their closest neighbours

C. Farrior
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引用次数: 6

Abstract

The combination of individual-based selection with shared access to resources drives individuals to invest more than necessary in taking up their share of resources due to the threat of other individuals doing the same (competitive overinvestments). This evolutionary escalation of investment is common, from deer antlers and peacock feathers to tree height and plant roots. Because plant roots seem to be well intermingled belowground, the simplifying assumption that belowground resources are perfectly well mixed is often made in models—a condition that favours maximal fine-root overinvestments. Here, I develop simple models to investigate the role of space in determining the overlap among individuals belowground and resulting fine-root biomass. Without costs of growing roots through space, evolutionary optimization leads individuals to intermingle their fine roots perfectly and to invest just as much in these roots, whether there are two individuals competing or many. However, if there are any costs of sending roots through soil, investment in fine roots is constrained in amount and spatial extent. Dominant individuals are those that keep their roots in the soil closest to their own stem and the stems of their closest neighbours. These results highlight the importance of space in determining individual strategies as well as competitive networks.
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理论预测,植物长出根来,只是为了与它们最近的邻居竞争
基于个体的选择与资源共享的结合,促使个体在占用自己的资源份额时,由于其他个体也这样做的威胁(竞争性过度投资),而进行超过必要的投资。这种投资的进化升级很常见,从鹿角和孔雀羽毛到树木的高度和植物的根。因为植物根系似乎在地下很好地混合在一起,所以在模型中通常会做出地下资源完全混合的简化假设——这种情况有利于最大限度地进行细根过度投资。在这里,我开发了简单的模型来研究空间在确定地下个体之间的重叠和由此产生的细根生物量方面的作用。没有在空间中种植根的成本,进化优化导致个体将它们的细根完美地混合在一起,并在这些根上投入同样多的资金,无论是两个个体竞争还是多个个体竞争。然而,如果通过土壤输送根系存在成本,那么对细根的投资在数量和空间范围上都受到限制。优势个体是那些把根埋在离自己茎最近的土壤里的个体,以及离它们最近的邻居的茎。这些结果突出了空间在决定个体战略和竞争网络中的重要性。
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