Utilizing the Ethereum blockchain for retrieving and archiving augmented reality surgical navigation data.

Exploration of drug science Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-02-28 DOI:10.37349/eds.2023.00005
Sai Batchu, Michael J Diaz, Lauren Ladehoff, Kevin Root, Brandon Lucke-Wold
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Abstract

Aim: Conventional techniques to share and archive spinal imaging data raise issues with trust and security, with novel approaches being more greatly considered. Ethereum smart contracts present one such novel approach. Ethereum is an open-source platform that allows for the use of smart contracts. Smart contracts are packages of code that are self-executing and reside in the Ethereum state, defining conditions for programmed transactions. Though powerful, limited attempts have been made to showcase the clinical utility of such technologies, especially in the pre- and post-operative imaging arenas. Herein, we therefore aim to propose a proof-of-concept smart contract that stores intraoperative three-dimensional (3D) augmented reality surgical navigation (ARSN) data and was tested on a private, proof-of-authority network. To the author's best knowledge, the present study represents a first-use case of the Interplanetary File Storage protocol for storing and retrieving spine imaging smart contracts.

Methods: The content identifier hashes were stored inside the smart contracts while the interplanetary file system (IPFS) was used to efficiently store the image files. Insertion was achieved with four storage mappings, one for each of the following: fictitious patient data, specific diagnosis, patient identity document (ID), and Gertzbein grade. Inserted patient observations were then queried with wildcards. Insertion and retrieval times for different record volumes were collected.

Results: It took 276 milliseconds to insert 50 records and 713 milliseconds to insert 350 records. Inserting 50 records required 934 Megabyte (MB) of memory per insertion with patient data and imaging, while inserting 350 records required almost the same amount of memory per insertion. In a database of 350 records, the retrieval function needs about 1,026 MB to query a record with all three fields left blank, but only 970 MB to obtain the same observation from a database of 50 records.

Conclusions: The concept presented in this study exemplifies the clinical utility of smart contracts and off-chain data storage for efficient retrieval/insertion of ARSN data.

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利用以太坊区块链检索和存档增强现实手术导航数据。
目的:脊柱成像数据共享和存档的传统技术引发了信任和安全问题,人们更多地考虑采用新型方法。以太坊智能合约就是这样一种新方法。以太坊是一个允许使用智能合约的开源平台。智能合约是自动执行的代码包,存在于以太坊状态中,定义了程序化交易的条件。智能合约虽然功能强大,但在展示此类技术的临床实用性方面,尤其是在术前和术后成像领域,所做的尝试还很有限。因此,我们在此提出一个概念验证智能合约,用于存储术中三维(3D)增强现实手术导航(ARSN)数据,并在一个私有的授权证明网络上进行测试。据作者所知,本研究是星际文件存储协议用于存储和检索脊柱成像智能合约的首个使用案例:方法:内容标识符哈希值存储在智能合约中,同时使用星际文件系统(IPFS)有效存储图像文件。插入是通过四个存储映射实现的,以下每个映射一个:虚构患者数据、特定诊断、患者身份证件(ID)和格茨贝恩等级。然后使用通配符对插入的患者观察结果进行查询。收集了不同记录量的插入和检索时间:插入 50 条记录需要 276 毫秒,插入 350 条记录需要 713 毫秒。插入 50 条记录需要 934 兆字节(MB)的内存,而插入 350 条记录几乎需要相同数量的内存。在有 350 条记录的数据库中,检索功能需要约 1,026 MB 的内存来查询一条三个字段都留空的记录,而从有 50 条记录的数据库中获取相同的观察结果只需要 970 MB:本研究提出的概念体现了智能合约和链外数据存储在高效检索/插入 ARSN 数据方面的临床实用性。
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