Sex determination using the clavicle by deep learning in a Thai population.

Abstract

Determining sex is a critical process in estimating biological profiles from skeletal remains. The clavicle is interesting in studying sex determination because it is durable to the environment, slow to decay, challenging to destroy, making the clavicle useful in autopsies and identification which can then lead to verification. The goal of this study was to use deep learning in determining sex from clavicles within the Thai population and obtain the accuracies for the validation set using a convolutional neural network (GoogLeNet). A total of 200 pairs of clavicles were obtained from 200 Thai persons (100 males and 100 females) as part of a training group. For the deep learning approach, the clavicle was photographed, and each clavicle image was submitted to the training model for sex determination. Training groups of 200 samples were made. Images of the same size were input into the training model. The percentage of the validation set accuracy was calculated from the MATLAB program. GoogLeNet was the best training model and get the result of validation set accuracy. The results of this study found accuracies for a validation set with the highest overall right lateral view of the clavicle with an accuracy of 95%. Accuracy from the validation set of each view of the clavicle can demonstrate the forensic value of sex determination. A deep learning approach with clavicles can determine the sex and is simple to utilize for forensic anthropology professionals.