Fecal ammonium in mice with CKD: gastrointestinal sequestration by sodium zirconium cyclosilicate.

Abstract

Urinary [Formula: see text] excretion is decreased in chronic kidney disease (CKD), but very little is known about fecal [Formula: see text] excretion. Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (SZC) is a cation exchanger that selectively captures K⁺ in the gastrointestinal tract. We investigated if SZC can sequester [Formula: see text] in vivo and evaluated the effect of SZC on fecal [Formula: see text] in a mouse model of CKD. Mice with CKD induced by 5/6 kidney ablation were fed either a regular diet or a diet containing SZC (4 g/kg) and followed for 7 days. Fecal [Formula: see text] was measured before and after the addition of 50 meq KCl/L to release [Formula: see text] from SZC. [Formula: see text] sequestered in SZC in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract was estimated from the change in fecal [Formula: see text] observed when KCl was added to liberate the sequestered [Formula: see text]. In mice with CKD, fecal [Formula: see text] excretion was higher than in normal mice and also higher than urine [Formula: see text] excretion measured concurrently. Using data pooled from the SZC diet, the change in [Formula: see text] was 6.5 ± 0.6 compared with 0.6 ± 0.6 µmol/g on the normal diet (P < 0.0001). In conclusion, fecal [Formula: see text] excretion in CKD is increased and about sixfold higher than urine [Formula: see text] excretion, revealing an important route of elimination of [Formula: see text] present in the GI tract. SZC administration sequesters a substantial portion of [Formula: see text] in the GI tract, suggesting that the binding of [Formula: see text] offers therapeutic potential beyond its known primary action as a specific K⁺ binder.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Fecal [Formula: see text] excretion in chronic kidney disease is increased and about sixfold higher than urine [Formula: see text] excretion, revealing an important route of elimination of [Formula: see text] that is present in the gastrointestinal tract. Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (SZC) administration sequesters a substantial portion of [Formula: see text], suggesting that binding of [Formula: see text] by SZC in the gastrointestinal tract offers therapeutic potential in chronic kidney disease and other clinical conditions beyond its known primary action of SZC as a specific K⁺ binder.