Comparison of Health Outcomes Over Time Among Women 1990–1991 Gulf War Veterans, Women 1990–1991 Gulf Era Veterans, and Women in the U.S. General Population

Abstract

Introduction

The aim of this study is to examine health over almost 20 years of follow-up among women Gulf War veterans and women Gulf Era veterans and compare their health to that of women in the U.S. general population.

Methods

We used data from a health survey of 1,274 women Gulf War veteran and Gulf Era veteran participants of the Gulf War Longitudinal Study who responded to all three waves. Data on the U.S. population of women came from the 1999–2000, 2005–2006, and 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Generalized estimating equations (GEEs) were used to compare the report of disease over time in women Gulf War and Gulf Era veterans. Differences in prevalence at the three survey timepoints were calculated between women Gulf War veterans and the NHANES women population, and women Gulf War Era veterans and the NHANES women population.

Results

Women veterans who deployed to the 1990–1991 Gulf War report poorer health than women veterans who served during the same time but did not deploy. Women veterans reported a lower prevalence of hypertension, stroke, and diabetes than women in the NHANES sample. Women veterans also reported a higher prevalence of arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and skin cancer than women in the NHANES sample.

Conclusions

This study is the first to characterize the health of a population-based cohort of women Gulf War and women Gulf Era veterans over time and compare it with women's health in a civilian NHANES population. This demonstrates the value of epidemiological research on women veterans and the importance of developing longitudinal cohorts across genders.