Psychosocial work environment in Asian countries.

Almost a decade ago, in July 2013, Miwa Sado, a reporter for one broadcasting station in Japan, died of a heart attack1). Reports revealed that she had worked more than 159 h that month and had taken only two days off. Similarly, this year in Jakarta, a tragic incident involving a young courier rider sparked widespread discussion on social media. The rider collapsed at the front gate of a customer and tragically lost his life instantly. The state of working conditions in Asia is concerning, and there are many examples to illustrate this. Reports from international organizations, such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Labour Organization (ILO), indicate that almost two million employees die every year from work-related illnesses. Shockingly, 65% of these cases occur in Asia. Although the negative effects of poor working conditions are well-known, there are still limited improvements being made. Even in major cities like Shanghai, Hong Kong, and Tokyo, employees may appear to be living prosperous and urban lifestyles, but the reality is different. For instance, WHO and ILO’s joint report shows that many Asians work more than 40 h per week2, 3). Unfortunately, despite their hard work, many of these employees face issues such as being underpaid, unrecognized, and having limited job control. Such situations expose them to psychosocial risks that can adversely affect their psychological well-being and overall health. While certain affluent Asian countries have different labour force characteristics, a significant portion of the workforce is engaged in the informal sector in several other countries, including Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines. Regrettably, casual workers are often deprived of the benefits provided by national labour laws and social protection measures. Most are left to fend for themselves and their families without employment protection. Due to the lack of regulations to safeguard employee rights, these workers suffer from substandard working conditions and low wages and are exposed to poor physical work environments. ILO estimated that approximately two billion workers were engaged in the informal sector globally in 2019, with nearly 1.3 billion residing in Asia-Pacific3). This precarious situation places them at a heightened risk of experiencing physical and psychological injuries. However, despite the increasing recognition of the impact of psychosocial factors on employee well-being and safety in the workplace, the concept of psychosocial risk factors is still relatively new, and much still needs to be explored in this area. The focus on workplace safety has predominantly centered on physical hazards and accidents4–6), with limited attention given to the psychosocial aspects of work. While job stress has been extensively discussed in the literature7, 8), the specific concept of psychosocial safety climate (PSC)9, 10) emerged only a decade ago. Although there have been intensive studies on PSC, it has gained a different popularity than research utilizing a safety climate approach11, 12). The potential of PSC as a framework for understanding and addressing psychosocial risks is promising and requires further attention and investigation to ensure the psychological well-being of employees13). Inadequate attention has been given to psychosocial risk factors at work in Asia. Both academic reporting and policymakers are guilty of neglecting this issue. This can be attributed to the lack of strong policies and regulations that effectively address these matters, resulting in inadequate monitoring and enforcement of psychosocial risk management. Consequently, employees are exposed to adverse psychological outcomes. Furthermore, the lack of union power means employees do not have enough avenues to address and mitigate these risks, contributing to a culture where such issues are not adequately addressed and may go unnoticed. In some Asian cultures, there may be a norm of silence or reluctance to openly discuss work-related issues, leading to a lack of knowledge about available protections and resources for addressing such risks, and perpetuating a culture of silence. Indeed, poverty is a significant factor that cannot be overlooked in the Asian context when considering employees’ choices and decision-making regarding their working conditions. It is alarming to note that around 300 million regional workers continue to live in poverty, often alongside their families3). This dire situation further exacerbates workers’ challenges, making it difficult to assert their rights and demand better working conditions. The high cost of living and the dearth of employment options create a situation where employees may feel compelled Industrial Health 2023, 61, 237–239