Differentiation of patients with and without prostate cancer using urine 1H NMR metabolomics

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most prevalent cancers in men worldwide. For its detection, serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening is commonly used, despite its lack of specificity, high false positive rate, and inability to discriminate indolent from aggressive PCa. Following increases in serum PSA levels, clinicians often conduct prostate biopsies with or without advanced imaging. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics has proven to be promising for advancing early-detection and elucidation of disease progression, through the discovery and characterization of novel biomarkers. This retrospective study of urine-NMR samples, from prostate biopsy patients with and without PCa, identified several metabolites involved in energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and the hippuric acid pathway. Of note, lactate and hippurate—key metabolites involved in cellular proliferation and microbiome effects, respectively—were significantly altered, unveiling widespread metabolomic modifications associated with PCa development. These findings support urine metabolomics profiling as a promising strategy to identify new clinical biomarkers for PCa detection and diagnosis.