Preservation of circadian rhythm in hepatocellular cancer.

Circadian rhythms are controlled at the cellular level by a molecular clock consisting of several genes/proteins engaged in a transcription-translation-degradation feedback loop. These core clock proteins regulate thousands of tissue-specific genes. Regarding circadian control in neoplastic tissues, reports to date have demonstrated anomalous circadian function in tumor models and cultured tumor cells. We have extended these studies by analyzing circadian rhythmicity genome-wide in a mouse model of liver cancer, in which mice treated with diethylnitrosamine at 15 days develop liver tumors by 6 months. We injected tumor-bearing and control tumor-free mice with cisplatin every 2 h over a 24-h cycle; 2 h after each injection mice were sacrificed and gene expression was measured by XR-Seq (excision repair sequencing) assay. Rhythmic expression of several core clock genes was observed in both healthy liver and tumor, with clock genes in tumor exhibiting typically robust amplitudes and a modest phase advance. Interestingly, although normal hepatic cells and hepatoma cancer cells expressed a comparable number of genes with circadian rhythmicity (clock-controlled genes), there was only about 10% overlap between the rhythmic genes in normal and cancerous cells. "Rhythmic in tumor only" genes exhibited peak expression times mainly in daytime hours, in contrast to the more common pre-dawn and pre-dusk expression times seen in healthy livers. Differential expression of genes in tumors and healthy livers across time may present an opportunity for more efficient anticancer drug treatment as a function of treatment time.