European Society of Cardiology Highlights: Late-breaking Science MINOCA/ANOCA.

increase without percutaneous coronary intervention. During a mean follow-up of 3.4 ± 3.6 years, 3,321 deaths occurred (18.2%). Compared to patients without MI (16.1%), patients with type 1 MI (25.2%) and type 2 MI (29.1%) had significantly higher mortality rates (p<0.001). Kaplan–Meier analysis confirmed the lowest survival rates occurred in patients with type 2 MI. 2 Moreover, Barrett et al. showed that 1,544 MINOCA patients from Israel had a favourable short-term outcome but their long-term outcome was comparable to that of patients with acute MI due to obstructive coronary artery disease. 3 In addition, in a study including 712 Spanish patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), Espinosa Pascual et al. highlighted that pro-inflammatory states such as autoimmune pathologies, connective tissue disease, active cancer and infections should be regarded as risk factors for the occurrence of MINOCA. 4