Scenario-based investigation of the effects of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) in 11 kV substations in Stockholm

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) with larger battery size in comparison with Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) are designed to run alternatively on electric mode by means of grid electricity. They are mainly introduced in order to decrease the emissions and reduce the fossil fuel dependency in the transportation sector. These vehicles are considered as a new type of additional load for the power system which are introduced while smart grid concept is being developed rapidly. The effects of different number of conventional vehicles changed to PHEVs on the 11 kV substations in Stockholm are investigated in this paper. This is done by planning scenarios for penetration of the PHEVs in the city. The output results of the scenario are implemented in the simulated power system in PSS/E by using the Python as the automation tool. The results showed that the existing grid infrastructures in 11kV substations in Stockholm can handle 100 percent of the existing conventional cars converted to PHEVs in case regulated charging pattern is implemented. However, more residential areas are subject to more problems from grid infrastructures capacity perspective in case one-phase charging facility is the only available one. In addition, by the same amount of energy consumption, the losses are lower (by 0.48 percent) if the energy consumption for the PHEVs is regulated.