人体接触重金属:毒性机制和健康影响

Franklyn Okechukwu Ohiagu, PAUL CHIDOKA CHIKEZIE, C. C. Ahaneku, C. Chikezie
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引用次数: 5

摘要

人体接触重金属是不可避免的,因为重金属持续存在于空气、水和食物中。人为活动和工业活动迅速增加了人类接触重金属的水平。一些重金属即使在体内含量很低的情况下也会对健康产生有害影响。每种重金属都有其特定的、独特的机制过程,从而表现出毒性。Cr、as、Pb、Cu、Fe、Cd、Zn、Ni等重金属引起毒性的主要机制包括活性氧(ROS)的产生、酶活性的抑制和抗氧化防御系统的衰减。已知重金属离子干扰DNA和核蛋白,导致DNA结构和功能损伤,以及引发致癌、凋亡和细胞周期调节的变化。重金属中毒改变中枢神经系统的活动,从而引起精神障碍,改变血液成分和肝、肾、肺等重要身体器官的功能,导致各种人类疾病的升级。人体长期接触和在体内积累重金属会加剧身体、肌肉和神经退化过程的进展,类似于阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病等某些疾病。重金属模拟荷尔蒙活动,改变内分泌系统的功能。因此,必须努力减少由于人为活动和工业活动导致的人体接触和积累重金属的程度,以防止有害健康挑战的发生。
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Human exposure to heavy metals: toxicity mechanisms and health implications
Human exposure to heavy metals is inevitable as heavy metals are continually present in air, water and food. Anthropogenic and industrial activities have rapidly increased the level of human exposure to heavy metals. Some heavy metals elicit deleterious health effects even at low levels in the body system. Every heavy metal has its own specific unique mechanistic process through which it exhibits toxicity. The major mechanisms through which most heavy metals such as Cr, As, Pb, Cu, Fe, Cd, Zn, Ni cause toxicity include the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibition of enzyme activities and attenuation of antioxidant defense systems. Heavy metal ions are known to interfere with DNA and nuclear proteins leading to DNA structural and functional impairments as well as changes that initiate carcinogenesis, apoptosis as well as modulation of cell cycle. Heavy metal toxicity alters the activity of the central nervous system, and thereby causes mental disorder, alters blood composition, and liver, kidneys, lungs functions as well as other important body organs, resulting in the escalation of assorted human diseases. Prolonged human exposure and accumulation of heavy metals in the body aggravate the progression of physical, muscular and neurological degenerative processes that mimic certain diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Heavy metals mimic hormonal activities that alter the functions of the endocrine system. Thus, efforts must be made to mitigate the extent of human exposure and accumulation of heavy metals in the body as a result of anthropogenic and industrial activities in order to prevent incidences of deleterious health challenges.
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