"Durability of CLSM with Used Foundry Sand, Bottom Ash, and Fly Ash in Cold Regions"

This research investigates the physical property and durability of CLSM (Controlled Low Strength Materials) made with used foundry sand and bottom ash as fine aggregates. These materials are industrial by-product and non-standard materials. The effect of mixture proportions on the compressive strength and the frost heaving resistance of CLSM is evaluated for application to cold regions. A wide range of used foundry sand or bottom ash additions were evaluated in order to provide a cost-effective mixture proportion for various material costs. A total of 26 mixtures were tested in this study. Test results show the applicability of used foundry sand as well as a wide range of different bottom ashes substituting for the fine aggregates. Optimum addition of used foundry sand, and bottom ash to fly ash was found. Long-term strength developments of various types of mixtures were observed. The frost heaving rate of CLSM with used foundry sand and bottom ash was measured and showed less than 3%, which is a relatively smaller value compare to soil like materials. However, some of the specimens were found to have visible cracks. Further research will be needed for evaluating the CLSM durability against frost heaving actions.