Analyzing the Direct and Transitive Impact of Vulnerabilities onto Different Artifact Repositories

In modern-day software development, a vast amount of public software libraries enable the reuse of existing implementations for reoccurring tasks and common problems. While this practice does yield significant benefits in productivity, it also puts an increasing amount of responsibility on library maintainers. If a security flaw is contained in a library release, then it may directly affect thousands of applications that are depending on it. Given the fact that libraries are often interconnected, meaning they are depending on other libraries for certain sub-tasks, the impact of a single vulnerability may be large, and is hard to quantify. Recent studies have shown that developers in fact struggle with upgrading vulnerable dependencies, despite ever-increasing support by automated tools, which are often publicly available. With our work, we aim to improve on this situation by providing an in-depth analysis on how developers handle vulnerability patches and dependency upgrades. To do so, we contribute a miner for artifact dependency graphs supporting different programming platforms, which annotates the graph with vulnerability information. We execute our application and generate a data set for the artifact repositories Maven Central, NuGet.org, and the NPM Registry, with the resulting graph being stored in a Neo4j graph database. Afterwards, we conduct an extensive analysis of our data, which is aimed at understanding the impact of vulnerabilities for the three different repositories. Finally, we summarize the resulting risks and derive possible mitigation strategies for library maintainers and software developers based on our findings. We found that NuGet.org, the smallest artifact repository in our sample, is subject to fewer security concerns than Maven Central or the NPM Registry. However, for all repositories, we found that vulnerabilities may influence libraries via long transitive dependency chains and that a vulnerability in a single library may affect thousands of other libraries transitively.