Review on Electric Two Wheeler Chargers and International Standards

Because of increasing environmental issues caused by greenhouse gas emission of Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) driven vehicles, there is a need to move towards eco-friendly mobility with zero emission. Vehicles driven by electric power caters the need. This paper discusses the different types of chargers and charging methods for electric two wheelers. Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) operate on the energy stored in the propulsion battery pack. These batteries are charged by the EV chargers either conductively or inductively. Conductive chargers are wired and it involves direct physical contact with battery packs. Whereas inductive chargers do not involve physical contact. Based on the current flow direction, chargers are classified into Bidirectional Battery Charger (BBC) and Unidirectional Battery Charger (UBC). This paper reviews the standards and recommendations for the connectors and ports of EV chargers