Protein and Peptide-based Nanoparticles as an emerging strategy to tackle cancer drug resistance

: Cancer treatment has been confronted with serious challenges. These challenges stemmed from the heterogeneity of tumor microenvironment, as well as genetic and epigenetic factors related to cancer cells. The changes imposed by the tumor lead to the development of acquired resistance. Drug efflux, inhibition of apoptosis and immunosuppression are examples of resistance mechanisms imposed by cancer cells. Nanotechnology has sought to overcome these resistance mechanisms through enhanced cellular uptake, activation of alternative pathways by combined drug delivery, or targeting immune cells leading to their activation and proliferation. Several types of nanomedicine-based systems were implemented; however, protein and peptide nanoparticles remain one versatile tool in drug delivery, providing preferable physicochemical and biological implications. Notably, protein and peptide nanocarriers can also exhibit enhanced cellular uptake, the possibility of tuned drug release, and hence, better tumor targetability. Here, we present the methods of fabrication, physicochemical characteristics, biological mplications, and future perspectives, focusing on overcoming cancer drug resistance