切尔诺贝利禁区液态放射性废物的失活:解决方法

Yu.L. Zabulonov, T. Melnychenko, V. Kadoshnikov, I. Peer
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摘要

这项研究的目的是:在对现代方法和实验研究的资料分析的基础上,制定对切尔诺贝利禁区受放射性污染的水进行除污的有效方法。研究材料和方法。我们的研究对象是储存在一个设备和车辆净化点(PuSO) -“Dibrova”设施的污水池中的液态放射性废物。应用了现代研究方法——扫描电子显微镜、x射线衍射、激光沉积学。原子吸收法测定铯、锶、钴和锰的质量分数,原子吸收法采用AA-8500原子吸收分光光度计(Nippon Jarrell Ash Co Ltd, Japan)。结果。结果表明,基于氰化铁镍钾改性氧化铁微纳米管和氢氧化铁(III)纳米颗粒(粒径主要为1 ~ 100 μm)的吸附剂具有较好的吸附剂效果。去污算法的选择取决于待清洗放射性废液的成分。为了提高锶的萃取程度,同时保持对铯和过渡金属的高效萃取,建议先进行初步等离子体化学处理,然后使用氰化铁修饰的氧化铁/氢氧化物吸附剂。结论。说明了将所建议的方法用于切尔诺贝利禁区内积累的液体放射性废物的净化以及目前对积累的放射性废物储存地点的状况的控制和辐射监测的可能性和方便性。
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Deactivation of liquid radioactive waste of the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone: ways of solution
The purpose of the study: on the basis of information analysis of modern approaches and experimental studies, to develop effective methods of decontamination of radioactively contaminated waters of the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone. Research materials and methods. The object of our research was liquid radioactive waste stored in the sumps of one of the decontamination points for equipment and vehicles (PuSO) - the "Dibrova" facility. Modern research methods are applied - scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, laser sedimentography. The mass fraction of cesium, strontium, cobalt, and manganese was determined by the atomic absorption method using an AA-8500 atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Nippon Jarrell Ash Co Ltd, Japan). The results. The effectiveness of the proposed sorbents based on nickel-potassium ferrocyanide-modified iron oxide micro- and nanotubes and iron (III) hydroxide nanoparticles, the size of which is mainly 1-100 μm, is shown. The choice of decontamination algorithm depends on the composition of liquid radioactive waste to be cleaned. To increase the degree of strontium extraction while maintaining the high efficiency of cesium and transition metal extraction, it is advisable to apply preliminary plasma chemical treatment followed by the use of sorbents based on iron oxides/hydroxides modified by ferrocyanides. Conclusions. The possibility and expediency of using the proposed method for the decontamination of liquid radioactive waste accumulated in the Chernobyl exclusion zone and for the current control of the condition of the storage sites of accumulated radioactive waste and radiation monitoring are shown.
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