Biology of the chemoheterotrophic spirilla.

INTRODUCTION ............................................................. 56 DIVISION OF THE SPIRILLUM .................. ........................... 57 THE REDEFINED GENUS SPIRILLUM ........... ........................... 58 GENUS AQUASPIRILLUM .................................................... 58 Typical Characteristics ...................................................... 59 Exceptions to Typical Characteristics ............. ........................... 59 Other Characteristics ....................................................... 59 OTHER ORGANISMS POSSIBLY RELATED TO AQUASPIRILLUM ..... ...... 63 Pathogenic Spirilla ........................................................ 63 Nitrogen-Fixing Spirilla ............................. ........-I..............66 Spirilla in Insects ....................... ............................... 67 Bdellovibrio-Like Spirilla ........................ 68 Phototrophic Spirilla ....................... 69 Oxidative Vibrios ....................... 69 GENUS OCEANOSPIRILLUM ...................... 69 Typical Characteristics ....................... 70 Other Characteristics ....................... 71 OTHER SPIRILLUM-LIKE ORGANISMS .............. ....................... 71 Sporeforming Spirilla ................................................. 71 Gastric Spirilla.........72 Gastriri .. ... .......... .... .......... ............... 7 ECOLOGY OF SPIRILLA ................................................. 72 Habitat and Numbers in Nature .............................................. 72 Ecological Studies of Spirilla by Steady-State Cultivation ....... .............. 74 ISOLATION OF SPIRILLA ................................................. 75 CULTIVATION AND NUTRITION OF SPIRILLA ......... .................... 76 Complex Media..................................................... 76 Defined Media .................................................... 77 Defined Medium for A. gracile ............................................... 78 RESPIRATION OF SPIRILLA ................................................ 78 Cytochromes of Spirilla ................................................. 79 Nitrate Reduction ................................................. 80 Catalase Activity ................. ................................ 80 Microaerophilism of Spirillum volutans .................. .................... 81 SUGAR CATABOLISM AND TRANSPORT BY SPIRILLA ....... .............. 83 MOTILITY AND FLAGELLA OF SPIRILLA ........... ....................... 84 Number, Configuration, and Behavior of Flagella ......... .................... 84 Coordination and Uncoordination in S. volutans ......... ..................... 86 Practical Applications of Flagellar Uncoordination ........ ................... 88 Source of Energy for Motility of Spirilla .............. ....................... 89 Structure and Chemistry of Flagella and Related Organelles ...... ............. 89 TACTIC RESPONSES OF SPIRILLA .................... ..................... 91 Aerotaxis .................... .................................... 91 Geotaxis ................. ...................................... 92 Thermotaxis ....................................................... 92 Chemotaxis ................. 93 CELL WALL PERIPLASMIC SPACE OF SPIRILLA. 94 Profile of the Cell Wall in Thin Sections .............. ....................... 94 Mucopeptide and the Shape of Spirilla ................... ..................... 95 Outermost Layers of Cell Walls .............................................. 97 Growth of Cell Walls.................................................. 101 Lipopolysaccharide Layers ................................................. 102 Periplasmic Space ................................................. 102 DNA OF SPIRILLA ........................................................ 102 DNA Base Composition ................................................ . 102 BACTERIOPHAGES FOR SPIRILLA .................... ..................... 104 COCCOID BODIES AND LIFE CYCLES ............... ....................... 104 Budlike Bodies ........................................................ 109 LITERATURE CITED ................................................. 109