Revisiting Caloric Restriction as Therapeutic Strategy for Metabolic Syndrome, T2DM and Obesity

Overnutrition and adiposity: Overnutrition contributes to chronic energy surplus leading to adiposity, insulin resistance (IR), metabolic syndrome (MetS) and obesity with its fallouts including increased oxidative stress, altered glucose, fat and protein metabolism, and altered skeletal muscle mitochondrial function. Redox balance and thioredoxin system: The cellular redox balance is regulated by activity of several antioxidant systems including thioredoxin (TXN) normal fasting glycaemia and TXNIP being a tumour suppressor, its loss is associated with increased incidence of cancer.