Thoracic spinal disease

The thoracic spine occupies a unique position with respect to anatomical, biomechanical, pathological, and surgical considerations. The kyphosis of the thoracic spine is offset by the lordosis in the mobile cervical spine and the principal load bearing lumbar spine maintaining a sagittal balanced posture. Due to the biomechanical properties of the thoracic spine, the incidence of thoracic disc prolapse is low. However, the anatomical features of the thoracic spine make appropriate surgical planning imperative. This chapter will cover the management and operative approaches to thoracic disc disease, including open and minimally invasive techniques. Operative approaches can be broadly divided into two groups, anterior and posterior-lateral. Each approach is discussed with respect to technique, anatomy, closure, and common complications. It will also discuss pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of osteoporotic fractures.