当今地球低轨道星座的合成孔径雷达遥感航天器

O. Volosheniuk
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摘要

本研究的目的是确定目前使用合成孔径雷达(SAR)的低轨道卫星星座的发展趋势,这些卫星星座在地球遥感方面具有许多显著的优势。报告显示,全球对地球遥感数据及其产品和服务的需求继续增长。考虑了SAR在地球遥感中的适用性。介绍了利用SAR卫星与光学卫星进行图像采集的主要区别和优势。确定了低轨道SAR卫星用于地球遥感的主要方向。利用SAR卫星进行陆地和水面观测是最有效的遥感方法之一。特别是,研究表明,低轨道航天器星座可用于解决社会经济领域的许多任务和旨在连续实时监测各种物体的任务。考虑了近十年来发射入轨的各种地球遥感航天器星座的特点,特别是低轨商业卫星星座的特点。阐述了低轨SAR卫星星座发展中存在的问题和前景。综述了现有和计划采用传统和小卫星平台技术的SAR航天器星座。结果表明,性能特性不断提高,从而可以在任何时间从地球的任何区域获得数据。研究表明,低轨和超低轨小型航天器在功率特性上明显优于传统航天器,但在通信持续时间和有效寿命上优于传统航天器。所得结果可为我国地球遥感航天器低轨道星座设计,特别是定轨模型和算法的发展以及航天器动力学模型的发展提出建议。
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Present-day low-orbit constellations of Earth remote sensing spacecraft with synthetic aperture radar
The purpose of this work is to determine the current trends in the development of low-orbit constellations of spacecraft with synthetic aperture radar (SAR), which have a number of significant advantages in Earth remote sensing. It is shown that the demand for Earth remote sensing data and products and services based thereon continues to grow worldwide. The applicability of SAR to Earth remote sensing is considered. The main differences and advantages of image acquisition using SAR spacecraft in comparison with optical spacecraft are shown. The main directions of using low-orbit SAR spacecraft in Earth remote sensing are identified. Land and water surface observation using SAR spacecraft is shown to be one of the most effective remote sensing methods. In particular, it is shown that low-orbit spacecraft constellations can be used to advantage in solving many tasks in the socio-economic sector and tasks aimed at continuous real-time monitoring of various objects. The characteristics of the various Earth remote sensing spacecraft constellations, in particular low-orbit commercial ones, launched into orbit during the past decade are considered. Problems in and prospects for the development of low-orbit SAR spacecraft constellations are elucidated. Existing and planned SAR spacecraft constellations with traditional and mini-satellite platform technologies are overviewed. It is shown that the performance characteristics continue to improve, thus allowing one to get data from any area of the Earth at any time. It is shown that small spacecraft in low and ultralow orbits have significant benefits over traditional spacecraft in power characteristics, but are outperformed by them in the duration of communication sessions and active life. The results obtained make it possible to work out recommendations on the designing of low-orbit constellations of domestic Earth remote sensing spacecraft, in particular on the development of orbit determination models and algorithms and spacecraft dynamics models.
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