Optimal planning of energy storage systems in active distribution networks considering multiple operation optimisation measures

An original three-layer planning model of energy storage systems (ESSs) in active distribution networks is proposed in this study, taking demand response (DR) and network reconfiguration (NR) into account. In order to handle the uncertainties of distributed generations and loads, a practical scenario-generation method based on seasonal characteristics is put forward. Based on the time of use price, an ESSs charging and discharging strategy is presented. The mixed-integer nonlinear programming problem is converted to a mixed-integer second-order cone (SOCP) and the SOCP and an improved hybrid intelligent algorithm are applied to solve the ESSs planning model. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed model and solution methods are proven through the improved IEEE 33-bus system. The case study demonstrates the positive effect of DR and NR on optimising system operation and reducing total cost.