Translocation of twinflower (Linnaea borealis L.) in the Scottish Borders

Summary Twinflower, Linnaea borealis L., is a creeping, woody, clonal perennial nationally scarce in the UK, with its distribution confined to discrete patches in Scotland. Translocation of twinflower from natural patches into either existing patches, with a view to increasing genetic variation and outcrossing rates, or to unoccupied habitat, with a view to increasing its overall prevalence, could effectively increase the species' viability. In a small pilot experiment 38 shoots were moved from a vigorous patch in the Scottish Borders into two overtly hospitable clearings within the same woodland. Two years later 18 shoots (47%) survived and three years later four shoots (10.5%) remained, with die-back occurring irregularly over shoots of different initial lengths. No measured character of the original shoots explained which survived at each time interval. The most likely cause of the high mortality was competition from established grasses (Deschampsia flexuosa) which prevented growth and the formation of new roots along stolons. The study should help focus future efforts to determine best methods of increasing establishment of twinflower in Scotland.