Conclusion

Private land matters in FRM. In particular, private land is closely associated with NBS in FRM—nature-based flood risk management. Nature-based solutions are currently receiving a large degree of attention in policy, academia and slowly in practice (see introduction). These measures need more land, and this land is often privately owned.However, experience of implementingNBS in FRMremains scarce; this book showcases much called for empirical practice examples of nature-based FRM on private land. The examples from different parts of Europe illustrate the wide variety of NBS that are currently available, but they also show the variety of private land issues that can arise on various scales. Looking at the examples shows us that privately owned land in FRM does not necessarily mean that the land is legally owned by an individual person; also public authorities can be owners under a private law regime. Within this volume, when private land is referred to, the term land refers to that which falls under private law. Private law regulates interactions of legal persons (on land)—opposed to public law, that applies to the relation between public authorities and private legal persons (Needham et al. 2018). This means, individuals, regional