Conclusion

The institution of slavery is a crime against humanity. In Hapsburg Spain, slavery was inscribed on the skin of Afro-Hispanic slaves and ex-slaves. Blackness signified slavery but slavery did not entail blackness. This association was also well established during the Bourbon dynasty, when Afro-Hispanic people were still bought and sold as commodities. Slave trading was practiced on Spanish soil at least until the first quarter of the nineteenth century,...