阿拉伯之春后的宪法审查:改革、挑战和展望

Francesco Biagi
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摘要

阿拉伯之春之后最重要的趋势之一是宪法审查机构的出现和加强。约旦和巴勒斯坦分别于2012年和2016年历史上首次设立了宪法法院;利比亚最新的宪法草案规定设立一个宪法法院;摩洛哥、突尼斯、阿尔及利亚和科威特加强了各自宪法审查机构的地位和权力;在埃及,最高宪法法院仍然是该国最有权力和影响力的机构之一。本章的目的是讨论这些新的宪法审查机构是否已经获得了使行政部门受到充分检查的潜力,从而比过去更有效地促进民主化进程。为了做到这一点,我将首先简要说明为什么在阿拉伯之春之前宪法法院和委员会很少作为“反多数主义”机构。然后,我将讨论最近的宪法改革在宪法审查领域所带来的主要新奇之处。最后,我将审查宪法法院和委员会为了履行其宪法守护者的角色而必须面对的一些主要挑战。
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Constitutional Review after the Arab Spring: Reforms, Challenges and Perspectives
One of the most significant trends following the Arab Spring has been the emergence and strengthening of constitutional review bodies. Jordan and Palestine established a constitutional court for the first time in their history, respectively in 2012 and 2016; the latest draft constitution of Libya provides for a constitutional court; Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria and Kuwait have reinforced the position and powers of their respective constitutional review bodies; in Egypt the Supreme Constitutional Court continues to be one of the most powerful and influential institutions in the country. The aim of this chapter is to discuss whether these new constitutional review bodies have acquired the potential to subject the executive branch to adequate checks and thus contribute to the processes of democratization more effectively compared to the past. In order to do so, I shall first briefly identify the reasons why constitutional courts and councils before the Arab Spring rarely acted as “counter-majoritarian” bodies. I shall then discuss the major novelties introduced by the recent constitutional reforms in the field of constitutional review. Finally, I shall examine some of the main challenges that constitutional courts and councils will have to face in order to fulfill their role of guardians of the constitution.
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