没有罩袍,我们是法国人!广泛的升值幅度和第三次布卡裁决

S. Edwards
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引用次数: 6

摘要

20世纪70年代,在中东和海湾地区的部分地区(尤其是阿拉伯联合酋长国、阿曼和卡塔尔),只有部落地区的妇女才穿布卡或尼卡布。也被称为“batoola”,这种衣服是头部和面部的覆盖物,用网格覆盖眼睛的区域,另一种变体是覆盖面部和鼻子的面具。1979年,乔纳森·拉班在伦敦观察到了这样的景象。在伯爵宫路上,我第一次看到海湾妇女奇怪的喙形箔面具……“由于多种原因,这些曾经罕见的面罩有了现代主义的复兴,相应地,佩戴它们包含了几种含义。布卡是出于政治、宗教和其他原因而穿的,但它也并非完全是一种旨在让女性臣服的服装。斯图尔特·霍尔在解释弗朗茨·法农1960年代关于阿尔及利亚妇女布卡(当时被称为面纱)的作品时解释说,“没有任何符号在其意义上是固定的”,强调了布卡的流动性以及它被他人占用的能力。考虑到今天布卡的象征意义,也是如此。尽管在亚洲的部分地区,比如阿富汗的部落地区,穿罩袍是女性的必修课,但它被认为是一种选择权。而在非洲和中东的一些地方,穿罩袍是被明确禁止的。在西方和伦敦的街道上(跟随最近的移民模式),罩袍越来越常见,虽然它可能是由一个受自己社会规范约束的女人穿的,只是访问英国,许多选择在英国定居并希望获得英国国籍的女人也穿着罩袍。这种对他者的展示和可见表现引发了焦虑,引发了公众辩论和批评,并在法国和比利时遭到禁止。
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NO BURQAS WE’RE FRENCH! THE WIDE MARGIN OF APPRECIATION AND THE ECtHR BURQA RULING
In the 1970s in parts of the Middle East and in the Gulf, (United Arab Emirates, Oman and Qatar especially), the burqa or niqab when worn was worn by women from tribal regions only. Otherwise known as a ‘batoola’ this garment is a head and face covering with an area of mesh covering the eyes, another variation is provided by a mask covering the face and nose. Jonathan Raban in 1979 observed such sights in London ‘...it was on the Earl’s Court Road that I first saw the strange beak shaped foil masks of Gulf women...’ There has been a modernist revival in these once rare face coverings for a multiplicity of reasons and correspondingly the wearing of them contain several meanings. The burqa is worn for political, religious and other reasons, but also although not exclusively it is a garment intended to keep women in subjection. Stuart Hall in interpreting the work of Frantz Fanon’s 1960’s writings on the burqa (then called the veil) for Algerian women, explained ‘no sign is fixed in its meaning’ emphasising the fluidity of the burqa and also its capacity for appropriation by others. This is also true when considering the symbolic significance of the burqa today. Wearing it is defended as a right to choose, albeit in parts of Asia, for example in Afghanistan in the tribal regions, the burqa is a requirement for women. Whilst in some parts of Africa and the Middle East wearing the burqa is expressly prohibited. In the West and on the streets of London (following recent patterns of migration) the burqa is an increasingly common sight, and whilst it might have been worn by a woman who was subject to the norms of her own society and merely visiting the United Kingdom, many women who choose to settle in the United Kingdom and desire United Kingdom nationality are also wearing the burqa. This demonstration and visible representation of otherness has created anxiety, provoked public debate and criticism, and in France and Belgium, prohibition.
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