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引用次数: 16

摘要

元朝因内部问题和叛乱而崩溃,但新兴的草原政体满族却摧毁了明朝。满族人建立了一个新的王朝——清朝。在十八世纪,清朝经历了一段令人难以置信的领土扩张时期,随后在十九世纪,清朝在军事和政治上接连惨败于不断入侵的西方列强。清廷和中国自己都在努力制定对西方的适当回应。这个过程一直持续到1911年清朝灭亡,一个现代民族国家开始出现。因此,清朝跨越了武术史上两个截然不同的时期:在战场上和战场外,肉搏战技能都很有用的时代结束了,而在现代武器中,所有这些技能都是古代的,而不是实用的。正是这种转变为我们对中国武术的现代理解奠定了基础。枪支在建立明朝的战争中发挥了重要作用,在清朝征服期间发挥了更大的作用。早在元代,枪甚至可能被列入十八大武术之列。明朝朝廷的欧洲耶稣会士被迫将他们的欧洲枪械制造知识贡献给明朝对清战争,但满清很快就抓住了由欧洲人训练的中国炮兵专家。冲突双方使用了几个世纪前的所有武器——剑、矛、弓、弩、手枪和大炮。军事变革是渐进式的,而不是革命性的。
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Qing Dynasty
The Yuan Dynasty crumbled from internal problems exacerbated by rebellions, but the Manchus, a newly risen steppe polity, destroyed the Ming Dynasty. The Manchus created a new dynasty, the Qing, which presided over a period of incredible territorial expansion in the eighteenth century, followed by a series of stinging military and political defeats at the hands of the encroaching Western powers in the nineteenth century. The Qing court and China itself struggled to formulate an adequate response to the West. This process continued after the dynasty fell in 1911 and a modern nation-state began to emerge. The Qing Dynasty thus straddles two distinct periods of martial arts history: the end of the time in which hand-to-hand combat skills were useful on and off the battlefield, and the beginning of the time in which modern weaponry cast all of those skills in an antiquarian, rather than practical, light. It was that shift that laid the basis for much of our modern understanding of Chinese martial arts. Guns played an important part in the wars that founded the Ming, and they played a still greater role during the Qing conquest. From as early as the Yuan Dynasty, guns might even be included in the list of Eighteen Martial Arts. European Jesuits at the Ming court were compelled to contribute their knowledge of European gun making to the Ming war effort against the Qing, but the Manchus caught up quickly by capturing Chinese artillery experts trained by the Europeans. Both sides in the conflict fought with all the weaponry of the preceding centuries – swords, spears, bows, crossbows, handguns, and cannon. Military change was incremental, rather than revolutionary.
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