scCO 2 Foamed Composite Scaffolds Incorporating Bioactive Lipids Promote Vascularized Bone Regeneration Via Hif-1α Upregulation and Enhanced Type H Vessel Formation

Bone tissue engineering has substantial potential for the treatment of massive bone defects; however, efficient vascularization coupled with bone regeneration still remains a challenge in this field. In the current study,supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) foaming technique was adopted to fabricate mesoporous bioactive glasses (MBGs) particle-poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) composite scaffolds with appropriate mechanical and degradation properties as well as in vitro bioactivity. The MBG-PLGA scaffolds incorporating the bioactive lipid FTY720 (designated as FTY/MBG-PLGA) exhibited simultaneously sustained release of thebioactive lipid and ions. In addition to providing a favorable microenvironment for cellular adhesion and proliferation, FTY/MBG-PLGA scaffolds significantly facilitated the in vitro osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs and also markedly stimulated the up regulation of Hif-1α expression via the activation of the Erk1/2 pathway, which mediated the osteogenic and pro-angiogenic effects on rBMSCs. Furthermore, FTY/MBG-PLGA extracts induced superior in vitro angiogenic performance of HUVECs. In vivo evaluation of critical-sized rat calvarial bone defects indicated that FTY/MBG-PLGA scaffolds potently promoted vascularized bone regeneration. Notably, the significantly enhanced formation of type Hvessels (CD31hiEmcnhineo-vessels) was observed in newly formed bone tissue in FTY/MBG-PLGA group, strongly suggesting that FTY720 and therapeutic ions released from the scaffolds synergistically induced moretype H vessel formation, which indicated the coupling of angiogenesis and osteogenesis to achieve efficiently vascularized bone regeneration. Overall,the results indicated that the foamed porous MBG-PLGA scaffolds incorporating bioactive lipids achieved desirable vascularization-coupled bone formation and could be a promising strategy for bone regenerative medicine.