Parent Time Input in Teenager Education Matters More Than Shadow Education

In recent years, shadow education—paid private supplementary tutoring providing additional educational assistance for students who are preparing for a variety of examinations—has become one of the fastest growing industries in a number of countries around the world, causing concern among governments and education policymakers, who believe that shadow education exacerbates the financial burden on poor families and exacerbates education inequality (Yu & Zhang, 2022).