Martin Dietzfelbinger, Anna R. Karlin, K. Mehlhorn, F. Heide, H. Rohnert, R. Tarjan
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A randomized algorithm is given for the dictionary problem with O(1) worst-case time for lookup and O(1) amortized expected time for insertion and deletion. An Omega (log n) lower bound is proved for the amortized worst-case time complexity of any deterministic algorithm in a class of algorithms encompassing realistic hashing-based schemes. If the worst-case lookup time is restricted to k, then the lower bound for insertion becomes Omega (kn/sup 1/k/).<>
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