The evolving practice of patient and public involvement in Europe and the United States

Patient and public involvement (PPI) in academic human research has been evolving in the United States and Europe since the early 1980s, when it was jump-started by activists responding to the HIV pandemic. This article provides a brief look at the development of PPI in academic human research in the US and Europe, highlights the PPI initiatives of several US and European organisations, discusses how PPI is gaining momentum in health technology assessment bodies, and provides recommendations for various stakeholders on how to incorporate more PPI into academic human research.