Hybrid Eulerian-Lagrangian Approach for Dense Spray Simulations

. In this work, a hybrid Euler-Lagrangian solver for dense spray systems is developed specifically for cases where film creation by accumulation of liquid droplets at the walls plays a crucial role. Euler-Lagrangian solvers are commonly used to describe the spray with predefined spray characteristics. The Lagrangian particles represent liquid drops moving along the continuous gaseous phase. This approach assumes a small particle size compared to the cell size and it is unable to capture the breakup behavior of liquid jets in the presence of instabilities. VOF methods, on the other hand, are not a computationally feasible option when it comes to small droplet sizes as a result of liquid atomization because they have to be fully resolved by the computational mesh. Hence, multiscale simulations are required to bridge the gap between the two methods combining subgrid droplets in Lagrangian approaches and large liquid structures in VOF